Cornish Feasts and Folk-Lore

~ Just in time for South Australia’s bi-annual Kernewek Lowender Cornish Festival comes a recent addition to the website of that great repository of free public domain books, Project Gutenberg. Margaret Courtney’s 1890 book, Cornish Feasts and Folk-Lore—available in ePub and Kindle formats—at Project Gutenberg offers a cornucopia of customs and traditions (both secular and religious), odd little legends and stories, children’s games and rhymes, traditional folk songs and ballads, and other delightful gems from Cornwall. 

But first a riddle…

“As I went over London bridge

Upon a cloudy day,

I met a fellow, clothed in yellow,

I took him up and sucked his blood,

And threw his skin away.”

(What am I?)

Chapter headings in the book include, Cornish Feasts and “Feasten” Customs, Legends of Parishes, Fairies, Superstitions, Charms, Cornish Games, and Ballads. Here is a tiny sampling of some of the contents:

Superstitions 

• Maidens who die of broken hearts, after they have been deceived by unfaithful lovers, are said to haunt their betrayers as white hares.
• The souls of old sea-captains never sleep; they are turned into gulls and albatrosses.
• The knockers (a tribe of little people), who live underground in the tin-mines, are the spirits of the Jews who crucified our Saviour, and are for that sin compelled on Christmas morning to sing carols in his honour. 
• “A ghost at Pengelly, in the parish of Wendron, was compelled by a parson of that village after various changes of form to seek refuge in a pigeonhole, where it is confined to this day.”

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Image: The St. Breok Down Standing Stone

A Cornish Legend

~ While this is not the time or the place to get into an explanation for the many standing stone monoliths that pepper the Cornish hills and valleys, I thought this local legend explaining the origins of the St. Austell Down monolith is worth quoting:

Upon St. Austell Down is an upright block of granite, called “the giant’s staff, or longstone,” to which this legend is attached:

“A giant, travelling one night over these hills, was overtaken by a storm, which blew off his hat. He immediately pursued it; but, being impeded by a staff which he carried in his hand, he thrust this into the ground until his hat could be secured. After wandering, however, for some time in the dark, without being able to find his hat, he gave over the pursuit and returned for the staff; but this also he was unable to discover, and both were irrevocably lost.

In the morning, when the giant was gone, his hat and staff were both found by the country people about a mile asunder. The hat was found on White-horse Down, and bore some resemblance to a mill-stone, and continued in its place until 1798, when some soldiers rolled it over the cliff. The staff, or longstone, was discovered in the position in which it remains; it is about twelve feet high, and tapering toward the top, and is said to have been so fashioned by the giant that he might grasp it with ease.” —Murray’s Guide

Oh, God — Not Rabbit Again!

Then there was the vicar of a local parish who, much to the horror of the parishioner at whose table he was sitting, is said to have offered the following piece of doggerel in the place of the pious grace they were expecting to hear before they began to eat:

“Of rabbits young and rabbits old,

Of rabbits hot and rabbits cold,

Of rabbits tender, rabbits tough,

I thank the Lord we’ve had enough.”

Apparently the vicar had dined out several days in succession, and rabbit had been offered to him at every meal!

How To Catch A Thief Cornish Style

“A farmer in Towednack having been robbed of some property of no great value was resolved, nevertheless, to employ a test which he had heard the ‘old people’ resorted to for the purpose of catching the thief. He invited all his neighbours into his cottage, and, when they were assembled, he placed a rooster under the ‘brandice’ (an iron vessel, formerly much employed by the peasantry in baking). Every one was directed to touch the brandice with his, or her, third finger, and say: ‘In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, speak.’ 

Every one did as they were directed, and no sound came from beneath the brandice. The last person was a woman, who occasionally laboured for the farmer in his fields. She hung back, hoping to pass unobserved amongst the crowd. But her very anxiety made her a suspected person. She was forced forward, and most unwillingly she touched the brandice, when, before she could utter the words prescribed, the rooster crowed. The woman fell faint on the floor, and when she recovered, she confessed herself to be the thief, restored the stolen property, and became, it is said, ‘a changed character from that day.’ ”

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Kernewek Lowender Cornish Festival

~ Given that the book was first published in 1890, one wonders just how many of the customs and traditions recorded in Cornish Feasts and Folk-Lore, are still remembered and repeated today. I suspect there are not a lot. However, you just might hear some of them during the Kernewek Lowender Cornish Festival, which is taking place over the weekend of May 19-21 in South Australia’s Copper Triangle.

Also referred to as the Copper Coast, this geographic region on Yorke Peninsula includes the towns of Kadina, Moonta, and Wallaroo. Copper was mined in the area during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today the three towns at the centre of the region are proud to maintain their Cornish heritage at a festival that is said to be the largest of its type in the world. So put the festival dates in your diary, and make the trip. The Cornish pasties alone should be worth the drive.

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Oh, and the answer to that riddle: An orange.

I'd Rather Have a Passport...

I'd rather have a passport full of stamps, than a house full of stuff.

Good News for Yellowstone’s Bison

Adult bison and calf in Yellowstone National Park. Photo: Arturo de Frias Marques.

Some people travel to kill the wildlife. Others travel to admire the same wildlife living in its natural habitat.

Most readers will surely be aware of the mass slaughter of the American Bison during the 1880s, when bison herds numbering in their tens of thousands were reduced to giant piles of bleached white bones in just a few short years. Thankfully, enough bison survived the slaughter to begin the reintroduction of this magnificent creature to some of America's national parks, including Yellowstone National Park.

In a previous post (Ending The Elephant Slaughter), I wrote about the campaign to end the continuing slaughter of this great animal for its ivory. In this post I am reproducing an article from the American Defenders Of Wildlife organisation that fights for the survival of many ever diminishing species on the North American continent, while also championing the reintroduction of threatened species to their former natural habitat.

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It’s getting better all the time for Yellowstone’s bison. 

Under Gov. Steve Bullock, the state of Montana is at last allowing bison that leave Yellowstone National Park to roam free year-round on almost 400,000 acres. And the National Park Service announced in January it is moving forward with a plan to relocate some of Yellowstone’s bison to tribal and public lands rather than send them to slaughter.

Bison wander at will when they stay inside park boundaries. But when snow falls in Yellowstone’s high country and grazing becomes difficult, bison often trek to lower ground outside the park. In the past, they were allowed only a tiny portion of public land during winter when cattle are not present. Not all bison leave the park, but those that did risked being rounded up and sent to slaughter in years when their numbers exceeded an arbitrary cap of 3,000.

Last year, some 900 animals were killed—just for searching beyond park boundaries for food. Defenders has long opposed the slaughter and advocated for wild bison restoration to the Great Plains as a much-needed alternative. 

In recent years, Defenders helped the Assiniboine, Gros Ventre and Sioux tribes of Fort Peck and Fort Belknap Indian reservations bring Yellowstone bison back to their ancestral lands. 

The latest relocation of 130 genetically pure bison (no cattle genes) occurred last year. These bison were the first “graduates” of a 15-year effort to study the feasibility of quarantining and testing bison for brucellosis. This contagious disease originally spread to bison and elk from Old World cattle in the last century. Ranchers often opposed bison grazing outside the park because brucellosis can cause cows to miscarry. However, there has not been a single documented case of bison transmitting the disease to cattle in the wild in Montana. 

“Yellowstone’s bison are our nation’s most genetically valuable bison,” says Steve Forrest, Defenders’ senior representative for the Rockies and Plains. “They are essential in our efforts to restore the species across North America and for too long they have been needlessly sent to slaughter. We are delighted with the governor’s new rule that gives bison room to roam. It finally acknowledges that bison are wildlife, not livestock, and recognizes that their seasonal, age-old winter migration routes know no political boundaries. Further, the park’s proposal is a win-win for bison and for the American public. We are so proud to see all our hard work paying off.” 

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Only select articles from Defenders are available online. To receive 4 issues annually of the full award-winning magazine, click here to become a member of Defenders of Wildlife!

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